«Robyn Ochs (n.d.) describes bisexuality as the potential for romantic and/or sexual attraction towards "people of more than one sex, and/or gender, not necessarily at the same time, not necessarily in the same way, and not necessarily to the same degree". Shiri Eisner (2013: 22) explains three key reasons why this definition has gained popularity within the bisexual movement. Firstly, this definition includes individuals that might feel one of the two or both sexual and/or romantic attractions. Secondly, it recognises that attraction does not happen at the same time or with the same intensity. Thirdly, it emphasises the inclusion of gender non-conforming individuals by stating attraction towards more than one sex and/or gender.»
«Monosexuality is a norm that privileges attraction towards individuals of "no more than one gender" (Eisner, 2013: 321). Non-monosexual groups are punished in the form of invisibility, discrimination, and violence for failing to conform to the monosexual standard of society.»
«Bisexual men tend to be erased, pathologised, conflated with gay people, associated with HIV, and are less visible than bisexual women (Eisner, 2013; Steinman, 2008). Bisexual men are often considered a threat to masculinity since heterosexuality is central to hegemonic discourses of masculinity (Steinman, 2011: 405). <...> Conversely, bisexual women in the media tend to be hypersexualised and promiscuous, catering to the straight male gaze (Barker et al., 2008: 10).»
«This conception of bisexuality was positioned as 'primitive' in opposition to a 'more evolved' 'mono-sexuality' (Storr, 1997: 80). Monosexuality — an exclusive characteristic of heterosexuals, gay men, and lesbians — is considered the equivalent to civilisation and culture, while bisexuality represents savage and uncivilised races (Hemmings, 2009; Storr, 1997).»
«Bi-assimilationists, along with the mainstream gay movement, have fought for rights such as "[the] right to marry, hate crime protection and military inclusion" (Ferguson, 2005: 61). Historically, these institutions have privileged a certain type of citizen: a white, heterosexual, middle-class, able-bodied, monogamous, and family-oriented man.»
«This creates a "hierarchical system of sexual value" where homonormative gay men, lesbians, and those closest to them are at the top of the "erotic pyramid" (Rubin, 1984: 151). The closer to heterosexuality, the more they are rewarded with social recognition and institutional privileges. However, at the very bottom reside individuals that are bisexual, trans*, polyamorous, BMNOPPQ, sex workers, and sadomasochists that "[are] detrimental to the social and political acceptance of gays and lesbians," and the heteronormative social order (Weiss, 2003: 29). These people are punished with stigma, shame, criminality, poor mental health, lack of institutional support, and violence (Rubin, 1984: 151).»
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